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24[1.04;1.48] per SD) and a persistent course of depressive symptoms (OR1.44[1.04;2.00] per SD). Total CSVD burden was associated with persistent depressive symptoms irrespective of age (adjusted OR1.58[1.03;2.43]), while no associations were found for general markers of brain atrophy.

Our findings need replication in other large-scale population-based studies.

Our findings may suggest a temporal association of larger WMH volume with the incidence and persistence of late-life depression in the general population and may provide a potential target for the prevention of chronic late-life depression.

Our findings may suggest a temporal association of larger WMH volume with the incidence and persistence of late-life depression in the general population and may provide a potential target for the prevention of chronic late-life depression.

Peripheral inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), are elevated among adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder (BD), particularly during symptomatic episodes. Neurocognition, predominantly in the domain of executive function, is also impaired among adults and youth with BD. In adults with BD, CRP is negatively associated with neurocognitive functioning. We aim to investigate this relationship in BD adolescents.

Serum levels of CRP and five other inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)) were examined in 60 adolescents with BD (34 symptomatic, 26 asymptomatic) age- and sex-matched to 51 healthy controls (HC). Diagnoses were confirmed using semi-structured interviews. Selleck Daurisoline Pro- to anti-inflammatory marker ratios were also examined. Neurocognitive flexibility was assessed via the intra/extradimensional shift (IED) task from the CANTAB battery. Multivariate linear regression controlled for age, sex and race.

Within symptomatic BD adolescents, but not asymptomatic BD or HC adolescents, lower IL-6/IL-10 and lower CRP/IL-10 ratios were significantly associated with worse performance on the neurocognitive flexibility task (p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively). Both models accounted for 13.3% of variance in neurocognitive flexibility. No significant CRP by diagnosis interaction effects were observed on neurocognitive flexibility.

Limited sample-size restricted ability to separate the symptomatic BD adolescents into varying mood states.

More balanced pro- to anti-inflammatory ratios were associated with better neurocognitive flexibility in symptomatic BD adolescents. Prospective studies are warranted to assess the direction of these findings.

More balanced pro- to anti-inflammatory ratios were associated with better neurocognitive flexibility in symptomatic BD adolescents. Prospective studies are warranted to assess the direction of these findings.

Identifying and enhancing protective beliefs is essential in reducing suicide risk among military-affiliated individuals. The goal of this study was to examine if specific reasons for living impact the relationship between PTSD and suicidal cognitions among military-affiliated individuals in primary care settings.

Participants included 2,685 U.S. military personnel and their adult beneficiaries recruited from primary care clinics. Participants completed the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen, Suicide Cognitions Scale, and Brief Reasons for Living Inventory.

Responsibility to family and survival and coping beliefs-were related to suicidal cognitions with higher levels associated with less suicidal cognitions and a weaker relationship between PTSD and suicidal cognitions. By contrast, fear of suicide and fear of social disapproval were associated with more suicidal cognitions, and the link between positive PTSD screen and suicidal cognitions was stronger for individuals with higher levels of fear of social disapproval. Moral objection did not predict suicidal cognitions and did not moderate the relationship between PTSD and suicidal cognitions.

The limitations of the study include that measures were done in primary care and brief screeners were often used. Additionally, the study is cross-sectional in nature, whereas some of the symptoms and outcome variables likely fluctuate over time.

Findings suggest not all reasons for living are not equally influential and, among military-affiliated individuals with a positive PTSD screen, bolstering reasons for living related to responsibility to family and survival and coping skills could be particularly impactful in reducing suicide cognitions.

Findings suggest not all reasons for living are not equally influential and, among military-affiliated individuals with a positive PTSD screen, bolstering reasons for living related to responsibility to family and survival and coping skills could be particularly impactful in reducing suicide cognitions.

Globally, depression impacts nearly 300 million people, and roughly half do not achieve remission with standard first-line therapies. For such individuals, augmentation strategies are often helpful at reducing the severity of depression. While there are many potential adjunctive medication choices, psychostimulants are among the more controversial options.

The present review sought to clarify the comparative efficacy and safety of different stimulant-like medications to treat depression.

We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) using psychostimulant medications to treat adults with depression. Outcomes were pooled using rate ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes (e.g., response, adverse events) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for continuous outcomes (e.g., change in depression scores).

We identified 37 eligible studies (ranging from 1958 to 2016). We assessed nine psychostimulants methylphenidate (n=14), dextroamphetamine (n=9), modafiicularly methylphenidate-appear well-tolerated and demonstrate some efficacy for depression, as well as fatigue and sleepiness, the strength of evidence in our estimates was low to very low for most agents given the small sample sizes, few RCTs, and imprecision in most estimates. A lack of consistent evidence precludes a definitive hierarchy of treatments and points to a need for additional, high-quality RCTs.

. Although sleep disturbances are ubiquitous in depression, studies assessing sleep architecture lead to conflicting results, possibly because of the heterogeneity in this disorder. We aimed to focus on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which is directly associated with circadian and sleep homeostasis impairments.

. A systematic search was conducted in July 2019. Original papers reporting data about night sleep architecture using polysomnography (PSG), in SAD or remitted-SAD and controls, were included.

. Seven studies were retained and included 183 individuals, including 109 patients with SAD and 74 healthy controls. The random-effects meta-analysis showed that rapid eye movement sleep (REM) was significantly increased in SAD compared to controls (REM amount SMD=1[0.11,1.88], p=0.027; REM percentage SMD=0.71[0.02,1.40], p=0.045). Remitted SAD patients, compared to controls, also had a significantly increased REM sleep (REM amount SMD=1.84[0.78,2.90], p<0.001; REM percentage SMD=1.27[0.51,2.03], p=0.001) and a significantly decreased REM latency (SMD=-0.93[-1.73,-0.13], p=0.022). No differences were observed for total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and slow-wave-sleep.

. Most studies had small sample size, with no placebo group and with open designs.

. REM sleep amount and latency appear altered both during the acute and remitted phase of SAD, representing trait markers with interesting diagnosis and therapeutic implications.

. REM sleep amount and latency appear altered both during the acute and remitted phase of SAD, representing trait markers with interesting diagnosis and therapeutic implications.Accurate measurement and estimation on the trends and spatial distributions of VOCs emissions in China are critical to establishing efficient local or regional pollution control measures, while less is known about the discrepancies on VOCs emissions estimated by previous studies. In this study, two of the estimation approaches including the bottom-up and top-down methods have been reviewed with the data collected from many studies. The approaches demonstrated that the total anthropogenic VOCs emissions in China have been increasing since 1949. The contributions of industrial and solvent use to total VOCs emissions have been increasing since 2000, whereas the contributions of transportation sector have shown a decreasing trend since 2000. The contributions of fuel combustion have also been decreasing since 1950. The gaps of emission estimates for the industry and solvent use were 99.3 ± 22.7% and 81.5 ± 41.8%, respectively, which distributed in much wider ranges than other sources (e.g. 28.9 ± 16.7% for fuel combustion). In comparison to the top-down method, larger variations on the annual VOCs emission estimates were seen using the bottom-up method that comprised different data sources. For the view of spatial pattern, most hot emission estimate spots were concentrated in the eastern China, consistent to their relatively stronger strengths in the industrialization and urbanization. Although the total VOCs emission in China has been continuously increasing during 2008-2016, the VOCs emissions per gross domestic production (GDP) showed a decreasing trend. As for individual compounds, large discrepancy was seen on formaldehyde, with the coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 37% to 128% over the years. In overall of view, the importance of industrial process and solvent use is increasing. More focuses must be made to these two sources. Emissions of individual compound, particularly those of oxygenated VOCs, were not completely determined and should be better quantified.Real-time blood glucose detection is an essential tool for diabetes monitoring. Non-invasive blood glucose detection technology is one of the current research hotspots in this field. Previous research mainly focused on improving the system’s detection capability to obtain signals with low signal-to-noise ratio and high quality, and simple methods are often used in signal processing. Moreover, photoacoustic signal simulation also simplifies the influence of the transmission medium on the signal. In the present study, we built a new simulation model which considers human skin, blood, and the detector’s limitations, to obtain a more practical photoacoustic signal. We then proposed a blood glucose detection algorithm based on Teager-Kaiser main energy (TKME) to overcome noise and medium interference and achieve a high detection accuracy at low SNR. Finally, the simulation and actual data were utilised during the experiment, and the detection error was 15 mg/dL (SNR = 10 dB).Although reduced ambient lighting (~50 lx) does not increase the degree of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in chickens or infant monkeys, it does reduce the probability that monkeys will recover from FDM and that the normal age-dependent reduction in hyperopia will occur in monkeys reared with unrestricted vision. These findings suggest that low ambient lighting levels affect the regulatory mechanism responsible for emmetropization. To study this issue, infant rhesus monkeys (age ~ 24 days) were reared under dim light (55 ± 9 lx) with monocular -3D (dim-light lens-induced myopia, DL-LIM, n = 8) or +3D spectacle lenses (dim-light lens-induced hyperopia, DL-LIH, n = 7) until approximately 150 days of age. Refractive errors, ocular parameters and sub-foveal choroidal thickness were measured periodically and compared with normal-light-reared, lens-control monkeys (NL-LIM, n = 16; NL-LIH, n = 7). Dim light rearing significantly attenuated the degree of compensatory anisometropias in both the DL-LIM (-0.63 ± 0.77D vs.