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Low socio-economic status (SES) and exposure to single-air pollutant relate to increased prevalent atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), however, interactive effect between SES and exposure to single- or multiple-air pollutants on high 10-year ASCVD risk remains unclear.

A total of 31,162 individuals were derived from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Concentrations of air pollutants (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.0 μm (PM

), ≤2.5 μm (PM

) or ≤10 μm (PM

), nitrogen dioxide (NO

)) were assessed using a spatiotemporal model based on satellites data. Independent and joint associations of SES, single- and multiple- air pollutants with high 10-year ASCVD risk were evaluated using logistic regression models, quantile g-computation and structural equation models. The interactive effects of SES and exposure to single- or multiple air pollutants on high 10-year ASCVD risk were visualized by using Interaction plots.

Exposure to single air pollutant (PM

, PM

, PM

or NO

) related to increased high 10-year ASCVD risk among individuals with low education level or personal average monthly income, compared to the ones with high education level or personal average monthly income. Furthermore, similar results of exposure to mixture of air pollutants with high 10-year ASCVD risk were observed. Positive interactive effects between low SES and exposure to high single air pollutant or the mixture of air pollutants on high 10-year ASCVD risk were observed.

Positive association of low SES with high 10-year ASCVD risk was amplified by exposure to high levels of single air pollutant or a mixture of air pollutants, implying that individuals with low SES may more susceptible to air pollution-related adverse health effect.

Positive association of low SES with high 10-year ASCVD risk was amplified by exposure to high levels of single air pollutant or a mixture of air pollutants, implying that individuals with low SES may more susceptible to air pollution-related adverse health effect.In this study, millet bran biochars modified with inorganic compounds (H3PO4 P-BC, NaOH Na-BC and K2CO3 K-BC) were prepared and applied for Cr(VI) removal to evaluate the effects of modification on biochars’ physicochemical properties. The results showed that Cr(VI) reduction capacity complied with the order of Na-BC > BC > P-BC > K-BC, and reductive groups such as -OH and -NH2 played considerable roles in electrons donating. Based on this, lactate was added for further investigation of electrons transferring. The results displayed that Cr(VI) removal of all biochars was enhanced tremendously and modified biochars exhibited better Cr(VI) reduction. This may be due to the bridging effect of lactate, which could not only chelate with Cr(VI) via -COOH (or -OH) but also form hydrogen bonds with oxygen or nitrogen containing groups on biochars through the other groups, thus facilitating electrons transferring between biochars and Cr(VI). This work provided an insight into evaluation of the influence of inorganic compounds modification on both electrons donating capability of biochars and electrons transferring potential of biochars combined with lactate in Cr(VI) removal.Marine plastic pollution is a global concern because of continuous release into the oceans over the last several decades. Although recent studies have made efforts to characterize the so-called plastisphere, or microbial community inhabiting plastic substrates, it is not clear whether the plastisphere is defined as a core community or as a random attachment of microbial cells. Likewise, little is known about the influence of the deep-sea environment on the plastisphere. In our experimental study, we evaluated the microbial colonization on polypropylene pellets and two types of plastic bags regular high density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE with the oxo-biodegradable additive BDA. Gravel was used as control. Samples were deployed at three sites at 3300 m depth in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean and left for microbial colonization for 719 days. For microbial communities analysis, DNA was extracted from the biofilm on plastic and gravel substrates, and then the 16S rRNA was sequenced through the Illumina Miseq platform. Cultivation was performed to isolate strains from the plastic and gravel substrates. Substrate type strongly influenced the microbial composition and structure, while no difference between sites was detected. Although several taxa were shared among plastics, we observed some groups specific for each plastic substrate. These communities comprised taxa previously reported from both epipelagic zones and deep-sea benthic ecosystems. The core microbiome (microbial taxa shared by all plastic substrates) was exclusively composed by low abundance taxa, with some members well-described in the plastisphere and with known plastic-degradation capabilities. Additionally, we obtained bacterial strains that have been previously reported inhabiting plastic substrates and/or degrading hydrocarbon compounds, which corroborates our metabarcoding data and suggests the presence of microbial members potentially active and involved with degradation of these plastics in the deep sea.Forest dieback processes linked to drought are expected to increase due to climate warming. Remotely sensed data offer several advantages over common field monitoring methods such as the ability to observe large areas on a systematic basis and monitoring their changes, making them increasingly used to assess changes in forest health. this website Here we aim to use a combined approximation of fieldwork and remote sensing to explore possible links between forest dieback and land surface phenological and trend variables derived from long Landsat time series. Forest dieback was evaluated in the field over 31 plots in a Mediterranean, xeric Pinus pinaster forest. Landsat 31-year time series of three greenness (EVI, NDVI, SAVI) and two wetness spectral indices (NMDI and TCW) were derived covering the period 1990-2020. Spectral indices from time series were decomposed into trend and seasonality using a Bayesian estimator while the relationships of the phenological and trend variables among levels of damage were assessed using linear and additive mixed models. We have not found any statistical pieces of evidence of extension or shortening patterns for the length of the phenological season over the examined 31-year period. Our results indicate that the dieback process was mainly related to the trend component of the spectral indices series whereas the phenological metrics were not related to forest dieback. We also found that plots with more dying or damaged trees displayed lower spectral indices trends after a severe drought event in the middle of the 1990s, which confirms the Landsat-derived spectral indices as indicators of early-warning signals. Drops in trends occurred earlier for wetness indices rather than for greenness indices which suggests that the former could be more appropriate for dieback detection, i.e. they could be used as early warning signals of impending loss of tree vigor.Natural organic matter (NOM) pollution is a great challenge for the ultrafiltration (UF) process owing to the inevitable membrane fouling. In this study, three Al species coagulants (Ala/Alb/Alc) and their composites in combination with Poly dimethyl ammonium chloride (PolyDMDAAC) were used as a pretreatment strategy for the UF process. Then, test waters with different NOM fractions (i.e., humic acid, fulvic acid, protein, and polysaccharide) were prepared to analyze the effects of NOM characteristics on membrane fouling behaviors. The results indicated that compared with Alb and Alc, Ala showed higher removal efficiencies for hydrophobic NOM, aromatic organic matters, and suspended particles, but a limited effect on removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Ala or Ala-PolyDMDAAC effectively mitigated membrane fouling by removing the hydrophobic NOM in the coagulation process and forming the porous cake layer in the UF process. The test waters with higher specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) resulted in more severe total and reversible membrane fouling but lighter irreversible fouling. After pretreatment by Ala or Ala-PolyDMDAAC, water samples with the medium SUVA value exhibited remarkable alleviation of membrane fouling due to the formation of large, compact, and robust flocs, as well as the construction of loose and poriferous cake layer on the membrane surface. Although hydrophilic NOM was challenging to be removed by coagulation, the interception and re-adsorption of porous cake layers contributed to the alleviation of irreversible fouling.In the present study, hydro-meteorological variables of Chitral Basin in Hindukush region of Pakistan were studied to predict the changes in climatic components such as temperature, precipitation, humidity and river flow based on observed data from 1990 to 2019. Uncertainties in climate change projection were studied using various statistical methods, such as trend variability analysis via stationarity test and validation of regression assumptions prior to fitting of regression estimates. Also, multiple regression models were estimated for each hydro-meteorological variables for the given 30 years of observed data. Results demonstrated that temperature and, precipitation were inversely related with one another. It was observed from the regression model that temperature is decreases by 0.309 °C on the average increases in precipitation by one unit. Temperature also decreases for the increase in humidity by average 0.086 °C. Since, precipitation is negatively related with temperature, thus for increases in temperature the annual precipitation decreases by 0.278 mm annually. Humidity on the other hand, increases by 0.207% by increasing in precipitation and the temperature that causes humidity to decrease by 0.99%. Thus, it demonstrated that the flow in Chitral river increases due to precipitation by 0.306 m3/s for the change in precipitation by one unit. Findings from the present study negated the general perceptions that flow in the Chitral river has increased due to recession of glaciers with increase in the intensity of temperature.Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants with widespread distribution in the environment. Since the soil environment has become a significant sink for PFCs, the toxicological assessment about their potential effects on terrestrial organisms is necessary. This review compiles the toxicity researches of regular and emerging PFCs on classical terrestrial biota i.e. microorganisms, earthworms, and plants. In the soil environment, the bioavailability of PFCs much depends on their adsorption in soil, which is affected by soil properties and PFCs structure. By the exploration of bacterial community richness and structure, the gene expression, the influences of PFCs on soil microorganisms were revealed; while the plants and earthworms manifested the PFCs disruption not only through macroscopic indicators, but also from molecular and metabolite responses. Basically, the addition of PFCs would accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in terrestrial organisms, while the excessive ROS could not be eliminated by the defense system causing oxidative damage.